What does the Fourth Amendment protect against?

The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution is primarily focused on protecting individuals against unreasonable searches and seizures by the government. This protection ensures that law enforcement and government officials must have probable cause and, in most cases, a warrant that is specific in nature before conducting searches or seizing property. This safeguard is crucial in maintaining the privacy and security of individuals and their homes, thereby limiting the powers of the government in intruding on personal freedoms without just cause. The requirement for warrants demonstrates the balance the amendment seeks to maintain between individual rights and the needs of law enforcement in pursuing justice.

Although the other options relate to important rights and protections within the legal system, they are addressed by different amendments: unlawful arrests and self-incrimination pertain to the rights outlined in the Fifth and Sixth Amendments, while excessive bail is addressed by the Eighth Amendment. Thus, the primary focus of the Fourth Amendment is indeed on searches and seizures, making that the correct answer.